IMPORTANTS OF LAWS AND PRINCIPALS

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE:
When a body is immersed either wholly or partially in a fluid at rest, the apparent loss of weight suffered by it is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.

AVOGADRO's LAW:
Equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.

BLACK BODY RADIATION:
A black body absorbs heat or radiates heat more quickly than any other body.

BOILING POINT:
It increases with the increase of pressure. The presence of impurities also raises the boiling point of a liquid.

CENTRE OF GRAVITY:
A body will remain at rest only if the vertical line through the centres of gravity passes through the base of support of the body.

COULOMB'S LAW:
The force between the two electric charges reduces to a quarter of its former value when the distance between them is doubled.

FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROLYSIS:
The amount of chemical change during electrolysis is proportional to the charge passed. The masses of substances liberated or deposited by the same quantity of electric charge are proportional to their chemical equivalents.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER:
In chemical changes, matter is neither created nor destroyed. The sum total of the masses of all the products of a chemical change is exactly equal to the sum total of the substances from which these products have been formed.

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS:
The amount of heat given to a system is equal to the sum of the increase in the internal energy of the system and the external work done. It is impossible to construct a continuous self-acting machine that can pump heat energy from a body at lower temperature to a body at higher temperature.

LENZ'S LAW:
When an electric current is induced by a change in magnetic field, the induced current is always in such a direction that its magnetic field opposes the change of field which causes the induction.

MASS - ENERGY EQUATION:
E = mc², where E = quantity of energy released from the annihilation of matter of mass 'm', c = velocity of light. It implies that mass and energy are interchangeable.

NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING:
The rate at which a body cools or loses its heat to its surroundings is proportional to the excess of mean temperature of the body over that of the surroundings, provided this temperature excess is not too large.

NEWTON'S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION:
Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force, directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION:
Everybody continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by a force [called Law of Inertia].

The rate of change of momentum of a moving body is proportional to the applied force and takes place in the direction of the force. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

OHM'S LAW:
The amount of current flowing in an electric circuit is governed by the voltage of the battery on dynamo which powers it. In other words, the current through a conductor is directly proportional the potential difference across the conductor and inversely proportional to its resistance.

RECTILINEAR PROPAGATION OF LIGHT:
Light travels in a straight line. Total internal reflection takes place when a ray of light tries to pass from a denser medium to a rarer medium at an angle of incidence more than the critical angle.

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SCIENCE TERMINOLOGY

Science is knowledge, often as opposed to intuition, belief, etc. It is, in fact, systematized knowledge derived from observation, study and experimentation carried on in order to determine the nature or principles of what is being studied. There are many sciences, each concerned with a particular field of study. In each science measurement plays an important part. In each science, too, a study is made of the laws according to which objects react. Here are some sciences.

ACOUSTICSThe study of sound (or the science of sound).

ACROBATICS:The art of performing acrobatic feats (gymnastics).

AERODYNAMICS:
(i) The branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gases.
(ii) The study of the motion and control of solid bodies like aircraft, missiles, etc., in air

AERONAUTICS: The Science or art of flight.

AEROSTATICS:The branch of statics that deals with gases in equilibrium and with gases and bodies in them.

AESTHETICS:The philosophy of fine arts.

AETIOLOGY:The science of causation.

AGROBIOLOGY:The science of plant life and plant nutrition.

AGRONOMICS:The science of managing land or crops.

AGRONOMY:The science of soil management and the production of field crops.

AGROSTOLOGY:The study of grasses.

ALCHEMY:Chemistry in ancient times.

ANATOMY:The science dealing with the structure of animals, plants or human body.

ANTHROPOLOGY:The science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development of mankind.

ARBORICULTURE:Cultivation of trees and vegetables.

ARCHAEOLOGY:The study of antiquities.

ASTROLOGY:The ancient art of predicting the course of human destinies with the help of indications deduced from the position and movement of the heavenly bodies.

ASTRONAUTICS:The science of space travel.

ASTRONOMY: - The study of the heavenly bodies.

ASTROPHYSICS:The branch of astronomy concerned with the physical nature of heavenly bodies.

BACTERIOLOGY: The study of bacteria.

BIOCHEMISTRY: The study of chemical processes of living things.

BIOLOGY: The study of living things.

BIOMETRY:The application of mathematics to the study of living things.

BIONICS:The study of functions, characteristics and phenomena observed in the living world and the application of this knowledge to the world of machines.

BIONOMICS:The study of the relation of an organism to its environments.

BIONOMY:The science of the laws of life.

BIOPHYSICS:The physics of vital processes (living things).

BOTANY:The study of plants.

CALISTHENICS:The systematic exercises for attaining strength and gracefulness.

CARTOGRAPHY:Science of Map Making.

CERAMICS:The art and technology of making objects from clay, etc. (Pottery).

CHEMISTRY:The study of elementary and their laws of combination and behaviour.

CHEMOTHERAPY:The treatment of disease by using chemical substances.

CHRONOBIOLOGY:The study of the duration of life.

CHRONOLOGY:The science of arranging time in periods and ascertaining the dates and historical order of past events.

CONCHOLOGY:The branch of zoology dealing with the shells of mollusks.

COSMOGONY:The science of the nature of heavenly bodies.

COSMOGRAPHY: The science that describes and maps the main feature of the universe.

COSMOLOGY:The science of the nature, origin and history of the universe.

CRIMINOLOGY:The study of crime and criminals.

CRYTOGRAPHY:The study of ciphers (secret writings).

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY:The study of the structure, forms and properties of crystals.

CRYGENICS:The science dealing with the production, control and application of very low temperatures.

CYTOCHEMISTRY:The branch of cytology dealing with the chemistry of cells.

CYTOGENETICS:The branch of biology dealing with the study of heredity from the point of view of cytology and genetics.

CYTOLOGY:The study of cells, especially their formation, structure and functions.

DACTYLOGRAPHY:The study of fingerprints for the purpose of identification.

DACTYLIOLOGY:The technique of communication by signs made with the fingers. It is generally used by the deaf.

ECOLOGY:The study of the relation of animals and plants to their surroundings, animate and inanimate.

ECONOMETRICS: The application of mathematics in testing economic theories.

ECONOMICS:The science dealing with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.

EMBRYOLOGY:The study of development of embryos.

ENTOMOLOGY:The study of insects.

EPIDEMIOLOGY:The branch of medicine dealing with epidemic diseases.

EPIGRAPHY:The study of inscriptions.

ETHICS:Psychological study of moral principles.

ETHNOGRAPHY:A branch of anthropology dealing with the scientific description of individual cultures.

ETHNOLOGY:A branch of anthropology that deals with the origin, distribution and distinguishing characteristics of the races of mankind.

ETHOLOGY:The study of animal behaviour.

ETYMOLOGY:The study of origin and history of words.

EUGENICS:The study of the production of better offspring by the careful selection of parents.

GENEALOGY:The study of family ancestries and histories.

GENECOLOGY:The study of genetical composition of plant population in relation to their habitats.

GENESIOLOGY:The science of generation.

GENETICS:The branch of biology dealing with the phenomena of heredity and the laws governing it.

GEOBIOLOGY:The biology of terrestrial life.

GEOBOTANY:The branch of botany dealing with all aspects of relations between plants and the earth's surface.

GEOCHEMISTRY:The study of the chemical composition of the earth's crust and the changes which take place within it.

GEOGRAPHY:The development of science of the earth's surface, physical features, climate, population, etc.

GEOLOGY:The science that deals with the physical history of the earth.

GEOMEDICINE:The branch of medicine dealing with the influence of climate and environmental conditions on health.

GEOMORPHOLOGY:The study of the characteristics, origin and development of land forms.

GEOPHYSICS:The physics of the earth.

GERONTOLOGY:The study of old age, its phenomena, diseases, etc.


HELIOTHEARPY: The sun cure.

HISTOLOGY:The study of tissues.

HORTICULTURE:The cultivation of flowers, fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants.

HYDRODYNAMICS:The mathematical study of the forces, energy and pressure of liquid in motion.

HYDROGRAPHY:The science of water measurements of the earth with special reference of their use for navigation.

HYDROLOGY:The study of water with reference to its occurrence and properties in the hydrosphere and atmosphere.

HYDROMETALLURGY:The process of extracting metals at ordinary temperature by bleaching ore with liquids.

HYDROPATHY:The treatment of disease by the internal and external use of water.

HYDROPONICS:The cultivation of plants by placing the roots in liquid nutrient solutions rather than in soil.

HYDROSTATICS: The mathematical study of forces and pressure in liquids.

HYGIENE:The science of health and its preservation.

LCONOGRAPHY:Teaching with the aid of pictures and models.

LCONOLOGY:The study of symbolic representations.

JURISPRUDENCE:The science of law.

LEXICOGRAPHY:The writing or compiling of dictionaries.

MAMMOGRAPHY:Radiography of the mammary glands.

METALLOGRAPHY:The study of the crystalline structures of metals and alloys.

METALLURGY:The process of extracting metals from their ores.

METEOROLOGY:The science of the atmosphere and its phenomena.

METROLOGY:The scientific study of weights and measures.

MICROBIOLOGY:The study of minute living organisms, including bacteria, molds and pathogenic protozoa.

MOLECCULAR BIOLOGY:The study of the structure of the molecules which are of importance in biology.

MORPHOLOGY:The science of organic forms and structures.

MYCOLOGY:The study of fungi and fungus diseases.

NEUROLOGY:The study of the nervous system, its functions and its disorders.

NEUROPATHOLOGY:The study of diseases of the nervous system.

NUMEROLOGY:The study of numbers. The study of the date and year of one's birth and to determine the influence on one's future life.

NUMISMATICS:The study of coins and medals.

ODONTOGRAPHY:A description of the teeth.

ODONTOLOGY:The scientific study of the teeth.

OPTICS:The study of nature and properties of light.

ORNITHOLOGY:The study of birds.

ORTHOEPY:The study of correct pronunciation.

ORTHOPEDICS:The science of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of musculoskeletal systems.

OSTEOLOGY:The study of the bones.

OSTEOPATHOLOGY:Any disease of bones.

OSTEOPATHY:A therapeutic system based upon detecting and correcting faulty structure.

PALEOBOTANY:The study of fossil plants.

PALEONTOLOGY:The study of fossils.

PALYNOLOGY:The pollen analysis.

PATHOLOGY:The study of diseases.

PEDAGOGY:The art or method of teaching.

PHARYNGOLOGY:The science of the pharynx and its diseases.

PHENOLOGY:The study of periodicity phenomena of plants.

PHILATELY:The collection and study of postage stamps, revenue stamps, etc.

PHILOLOGY:The study of written records, their authenticity, etc.

PHONETICS:The study of speech sounds and the production, transmission, reception, etc.

PHOTOBIOLOGY:The branch of biology dealing with the effect of light on organisms.

PHENOLOGY:The study of the faculties and qualities of minds from the shape of the skull.

PHTHISIOLOGY:The scientific study of tuberculosis.

PHYCOLOGY:The study of algae.

PHYSICAL SCIENCE:The study of natural laws and processes other than those peculiar to living matters, as in physics, chemistry and astronomy.

PHYSICS:The study of the properties of matter.

PHYSIOGRAPHY:The science of physical geography.

PHYSIOLOGY:The study of the functioning of the various organs of living beings.

PHYTOGENY:Origin and growth of plants.

POMOLOGY:The science that deals with fruits and fruit growing.

PSYCHOLOGY:The study of human and animal behaviour.

RADIO ASTRONOMY:The study of heavenly bodies by the reception and analysis of the radio frequency electromagnetic radiations which they emit or reflect.

RADIOBIOLOGY:The branch of biology which deals with the effects of radiations on living organisms.

RADIOLOGY:The study of X-rays and radioactivity.

RHEOLOGY:The study of the deformation and flow of matter.

SEISMOLOGY:The study of earthquakes and the phenomena associated with it.

SELENOLOGY:The scientific study of moon, its nature, origin, movements, etc.

SERICULTURE:The raising of silk worms for the production of raw silk.

SOCIOLOGY:The study of human society.

SPECTROSCOPE:The study of matter and energy by the use of spectroscope.

TELEOLOGY:These study of the evidences of design or purpose in nature.

TELEPATHY:Communication between minds by some means other than sensory perception.

THERAPEUTICS:The science and art of healing.

TOPOGRAPHY:A special description of a part or region

TAXICOLOGY:The study of poisons.

VIROLOGY:The study of viruses.

ZOOLOGY:The study of animal life.

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Military ,Aviation And Naval Terms

ARSENAL	Place where arms and ammunition are manufactured and stored.
BATTALION	An army unit consisting of 1,000 combatants led by a Lieutenant Colonel.
BATTERY	A unit of a number of artillery guns, mobile or fixed.
BULL'S EYE	The point of target that has t be aimed or hit while practicing shooting.
COCKPIT	Pilot's seat in the fuselage of an aeroplane.
CAMOUFLAGE	Hiding of objects by various means to deceive or bamboozle the enemy about their real location thereby protecting them from air and ground attacks.
COMMANDO	A mobile body of guerilla fighters.
CONSCRIPTION	Compulsory recruitment of personnel for service in the armed forces.
DIVISION	Normally, a division has 20,000 troops commanded by a Major General equipped with two or more brigades of infantry with befitting artillery and engineering equipment.
DOGFIGHT	An aerial duel between two or more aircraft's at a close range.
FLOTILLA	A fleet of boats or small ships.
GUIDED MISSILES	Powered by rockets or jet propulsion, they are unmanned, self propelled air or space vehicle fitted with explosive warheads. Guided missiles are either self directed with inlaid controls or under remote controls based on the firing range.
ICBM	Inter Continental Ballistic Missile is a rocket propelled surface to surface guided missile carrying a nuclear warhead which can reach a destined city or installation in the world and destroy it entirely.
INTERMEDIATE RANGE BALLISTIC MISSILE (IRBM)	It is of three types, viz, air to air, surface to air, and air to surface. Air to air guided missile, launched from an aircraft is employed to hit target in the battlefield. Surface to surface and air to air guided missiles are employed against enemy missiles or targets.
JUMBO JET	A large passenger jet aircraft having the capacity to life nearly 447 passengers.
NUCLEAR UMBRELLA	Giving air shield to a city or by nuclear weapons. It is also called parasol or Sombrero.
STAR WARS	Deployment of weapons on satellites in space with a view to destroy inter-continental ballistic missiles in space coming from the enemy.
SQUADRON	Air Force formation consisting of 20 aircraft's commanded by a Squadron Leader.

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Legal Terms

AFFIDAVIT	A statement on oath for use as evidence in legal proceedings.
CONTEMPT OF COURT	Any disobedience of the court verdict.
COPYRIGHT	Exclusive right of an author in his works,
COVENANT	An agreement under seal between two or more persons.
DECREE	Judgement or decision having the force of law.
DETENU	Persons who dies without making any will.
INTESTATE	A person who dies without making any will.
LIBEL	A published statement damaging to a person's reputation or business.
MANDAMUS	A writ issued by a higher court to a lower court directing it to perform a specified act pertaining to its office.
PLAINTIFF	A person who, as complainant, brings a suit in a court of law.
SUMMONS	A directive from a court of law ordering a person to appear before it at a specified date, time and place.
WRIT	A written order by a Supreme Court or High Court directing the State or a lowest court to act or abstain from acting in a particular case.

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POLITICAL AND SOCIAL TERMS

APARTHEID	Policy of racial segregation practiced by the South African Government.
ADJOURNMENT	A motion moved by a member of a legislature to adjourn consideration of the issues in hand for discussing a matter of urgent public importance.
AMNESTY	Grant of pardon or exemption from prosecution to political importance.
ARMISTICE	Temporary cessation of hostilities pending formal negotiations for peace.
APPEASEMENT	The policy of gratifying one's enemy with concession and special grants by sacrificing even principles.
AUTONOMY	Power to control internal affairs.
BILATERAL AGREEMENT	An agreement between two countries.
BLOCKADES	Imposing closure of ports and waterways to prevent ships from reaching or leaving it.
BOLSHEVISM	The doctrine of Proletarian Dictatorship as propounded by Lenin.
BOURGEOISE	Capitalist class in Marxian terminology.
BUFFER STATE	A small neutral state between two big states.
BY-ELECTION	A mid term election to fill a seat rendered vacant.
CASTING VOTE	A vote casting of which decides the tie.
CAUCUS	A powerful group of party.
CHARGED AFFAIRS	The senior most diplomat after the head of the mission, officiating in his absence.
COALITION	Combination of two or more parties with the purpose of forming a composite government.
CONFEDERATION	Alliance of nations for some specific purpose our retaining the respective individual nation sovereignty.
COLD WAR	The state of ideological or wordy warfare between two countries or blocks.
ENVOY	A diplomatic emissary accredited to the country and holding position below that of an ambassador.
FIFTH COLUMN	An anti-national clique of spies and saboteurs.
FLOOR CROSSING	The act of changing political loyalty by a person or a group.
FRANCHISE	Right to cast vote in the public elections.
GALLUP POLL	An opinion poll-may be with the help of interview.
GENOCIDE	Intention to destroy wholly or in part a religious, ethnic or political group.
GHERAO	Encircling a person and rending him incapable of doing anything till he/she concedes demands.
GLOSNOST	Means openness. Term used for reforms introduced in Russian society by M.Gorbachov.
HABEAS CORPUS	A type of a writ issued by a High Court or Supreme court against illegal detention of a person.
HOT LINE	A direct telephone link between the White House and Kremlin established in 1963.
IMPEACHMENT	Trial by the Parliament.
LOBBYING	Exercising influence or pressure on members of the legislative bodies in the lobby for supporting or opposing an issue in the House.
LOK PAL	An official appointed by the President to investigate public complaints against ministers and high officials.
MANIFESTO	A declaration of political party about its policies and programmes given at the time of elections.
NATIONALISATION	The act of taking business undertakings an institutions by the state and controlling them.
NAXALITE	A movement violent in character believing in Maoism: the term was first used for the peasants of Naxalbari (West Bengal) who rose against the landlords demanding land for the landless.
NEW DEAL	The name given to the policy of Franklin D.Roosevelt to revive and boost American economy .
ORDINANCE	An Act or decree promulgated by the Head of State in an emergency or when the legislative body is not in session.
PERESTROIKA	Used for Gorbachov's move to restructure political and economical structure of the Russian society.
PLEBISCITE	Voting on regional or national issue.
PERSONALITY CULT	Too much adulation for a ruler or a political figure.
PRIVY PURSE	Yearly allowances granted to the princes of Indian states after the merger of their states with the Indian Union. (New these purses are abolished).
PRIVILEGE MOTION	A motion moved by a legislator drawing attention of the House towards a matter involving breach of privilege of the House or any of its members.
REFERENDUM	People's verdict on some constitutional amendment and some other legislative issue of controversial nature.
SECULARISM	Affirmation in all the faiths, showing no official patronage to any religions or religions.
SANCTIONS	Penalty or reward imposed for disobedience or obedience attached to the law.
SOCIALISM	Control of production and means of distribution in the hands of the State.
STATUTE	Law made by the Parliament, enshrined in the statue book, which are binding on al subjects, of a particular country.
SUFFRAGE	Right of voting in political elections.
SELF-DETERMINATION	Right of a nation deciding its own form of government, its political destiny or independence.
TERRITORIAL WATERS	Areas of the sea up to 12 km measured from the low water mark of the coast and within the executive control of an adjacent State.
UNICAMERAL	A legislature having only one House.
VETO	Right to reject any resolution or enactment passed by the legislature.

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Economic , Commercial and Trade Terms

ARBITRATION	Referring dispute to disinterested party called arbitrator for decision, which will be binding.
ANNUITY	Payment of a fixed amount periodically for a limited time. It is an investment on which the owner receives not only interest on his money but also return of his capital.
BALANCE OF TRADE	The difference between the value of imports and exports. It is favourable when the value of exported goods exceeds the value of imported goods. If it is reverse balance is unfavourable.
BALANCE SHEET	Statements of accounts, generally os a business house prepared at the end of a year, showing debits and credits under broad heads, in order to find out the profit and loss positions in the outgoing year.
BARTER	Exchange of commodity with other commodities without the interface of any form of currency.
BOND	Document by which a government, a company or a person agrees to pay a sum of money in a certain time.
BUDGET	Annual estimate of expenditure and revenue of a country or a subordinate authority like a corporation.
BILL OF EXCHANGE	Written order by a drawer to pay sum on given date ot named payee.
BUYER'S MARKET	An economic phenomenon where there are more goods in market than demanded and so the buyers can dictate the prices of goods.
CLEARING HOUSE	Place where officials of the banks meet daily to exchange cheques drawn on the respective banks and settle the account by the payment of balances only.
COOPERATIVE FARMING	Joint farming wherein farmers pool their land, capital and resources and divide the produce at the end of the harvest in proportion to their land put in the pool. The farmers retain their proprietary rights.
CEILING ON LAND AND HOLDING	Imposition of a maximum limit of the land which an individual should have. Its purpose is rational distribution of land.
DEATH DUTY (ESTATE DUTY)	A sort of tax imposed on the property inherited at death of its previous owner.
DEVALUATION	Government's step to reduce the value of its own currency relatively to a foreign currency. It aims to increase exports and reduce imports.
DEFLATION	A monetary state characterised by decrease in the supply of money and bank deposits and falling profits, wages, incomes and employment accompanied by unemployment and falling prices.
DEMONETISATION	The governmental measure of depriving metallic coins or paper currency od specified denominations of its status money. It is meant to unearth the hidden money which is unaccounted for purpose of income tax assessment.
EXCISE DUTY	Duty levied on goods manufactured within the country.
FOREIGN EXCHANGE	Transfer of money of one country to another.
INFLATION	Increase in the quality of money in circulation without any corresponding increase in goods; so, it leads to rising prices spiral.
LAISSEZ FAIRE	An individualistic theory advocating private initiative in trade and non-interference by State in commercial or business ventures.
LOCKOUT	Closure of a factory by owners to force the workers to accept the imposed terms.
MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION	It states that the food supply increase in arithmetical progression while population increase by geometrical progression resulting in over-population.
OCTROI	Tax imposed on articles coming inside a city.
PUBLIC SECTOR	Applies to State enterprises or undertaking.
RECESSION	An economic phenomenon characterised by excessive production, less demand, tight money market.
SOFT CURRENCY	Currency of a country with which we have favourable balance of trade.
STERLING AREA	Group of countries of Commonwealth (except Canada) keeping their reserves in sterling and not gold or dollars.
TARIFFS	Measures undertaking by one country to protect industry against trade competition from outside.

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Geographical Terms

ANTIPODES	A region or place on the opposite side of a point on the earth.
ANTICYCLONES	Winds which blow outward from the center.
APHELION	Position of the earth in its orbit when is at the maximum distance from the sun.
ARCHIPELAGO	A cluster of islands, e.g., Pearl Islands in the Gulf of Panama.
ATOLL	Coral reef resembling a horse shoe, enclosing a lagoon.
AXIS	An imaginary line joining north and south poles.
AVALANCHE	A vast mass of snow mixed with earth or stones.
BIOSPHERE	Animate or inanimate organic kingdom on earth.
CANYON	A deep valley cut by a river through a mountain region, e,g., the Grand Canyon of the Colarado river in the USA.
CONTINENTAL SHELF	Land adjoining a continent submerged in the sea.
CYCLONES	A low pressure system area in which the wind blows spirally inward.
CROP ROTATION	Growing different crops needing different minerals for their growth in the same piece of land in order to get more yield.
DATE LINE	An imaginary line pointing north-south approximating to the Meridian 180 (east or west) where the date changes by one day the moment it is crossed.
DELTA	Alluvial deposit shaped like Greek letter, formed at the mouth of the river, where it falls into the sea, e.g., the Sunderban delta.
DEW	Condensed atmospheric water vapours due to the cooling of the air.
DRY FARMING	Growing of crops in low rainfall areas by moisture conservation, crop rotation but without irrigation.
EQUATOR	An imaginary line dividing the earth into two equal parts.
EQUINOXES	The day on which nights and days are of equal duration, e.g., March 22 and September 23.
EROSION	Wearing away of the earth's land surface by rain, wind, water, etc. rendering the land infertile.
ECLIPSE	When one earthly body obscures another one partially or completely.
FOG	When the atmospheric moisture touches cold earth and condenses on dust particles.
FROST	When the atmospheric moisture deposits in the shape of icy flakes on the exposed objects or near the ground due to below freezing point temperature.
HIGH SEAS	The parts of the sea which do not come under the territorial jurisdiction of the nations.
ICEBERG	Huge mass of ice separated from glacier in the polar regions. These masses of ice float in the oceans with 9 parts submerged in the ocean and one part visible.
ISOBARS	Lines on the map connecting the places of the same pressure.
ISOTHERMS	Lines on the map joining the places of the same temperature.
ISTHMUS	Narrow neck of land joining two land areas.
KUNDAN	Anew variety of wheat which gives high yields in both rained and irrigated tracts and responds well to low dose of water and fertiliser.
LAGOON	A shallow stream of water at the mouth of a river enclosed bu dunes of river silt.
LIGHT YEAR	The distance traveled by light in one year. It is equal to 9.4*10612 km.
LOCAL TIME	Time calculated from the sun at noon at any place of earth.
MERIDIAN	Imaginary line joining north and south poles and cutting the equator at right angles.
MIST	It is just like fog but contain more moisture.
OASIS	A part of the desert where water and vegetation are found.
ORBIT	The path of the heavenly bodies.
PYGMALLION POINT	The southernmost point of India, 700 km away from mainland India.
PRAIRIES	Smooth, treeless, green plain of Central and North America.
REEF	Jutting of rock or shingle or sand at just above or below sea level.
SAVANNA	Land covered with natural grass.
SIDEREAL DAY	Time taken by the earth to rotate once round its axis.
SNOW LINE	Altitudinal line along which the area remains snow clad.
SPRING TIDES	Higher tides in the ocean caused by the sun and the moon together. When the sun, the earth and the moon are positioned in a straight line.
NEAP TIDES	Tides caused by the differences of the forces exerted by the moon and the sun when both are at right angles to each other.
TORNADO	A brisk and violent storm generally having rotator motion.
TUNDRAS	Peripheral area of Arctic ocean.
TYCOON	Violent hurricane in China Sea.
WEATHER SATELLITE	Artificial satellite designed to forecast weather.
WESTERLIES	Constant winds blowing from south-west in the northern hemisphere and north-west in south hemisphere.

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